中国工程科学2035发展战略
  我国改革开放四十余年,经济取得了令世人瞩目的巨大成就,工程科学技术因其能够直接转化为生产力而对我国国民经济的发展做出了突出的贡献。《中国工程科学 2035 发展战略》面向 2035 年探讨了国际工程科学前沿的发展趋势和中国从工程科技大国走向工程科技强国的可持续发展策略,深入阐述了工程学科中建筑与土木工程、环境与交通工程、水利与海洋工程三大领域的科学意义与战略价值、发展规律与研究特点,系统分析了相关学科的发展现状与态势,凝练了发展思路与发展方向,并提出了资助机制和政策建议。
  本书为相关领域战略与管理专家、科技工作者、企业研发人员及高校师生提供了研究指引,为科研管理部门提供了决策参考,也是社会公众了解工程科学发展现状及趋势的重要读本。
编委会

总序

  党的二十大胜利召开,吹响了以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的前进号角。习近平总书记强调“教育、科技、人才是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性、战略性支撑”,明确要求到 2035 年要建成教育强国、科技强国、人才强国。新时代新征程对科技界提出了更高的要求。当前,世界科学技术发展日新月异,不断开辟新的认知疆域,并成为带动经济社会发展的核心变量,新一轮科技革命和产业变革正处于蓄势跃迁、快速迭代的关键阶段。开展面向 2035 年的中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究,紧扣国家战略需求,研判科技发展大势,擘画战略、锚定方向,找准学科发展路径与方向,找准科技创新的主攻方向和突破口,对于实现全面建成社会主义现代化“两步走”战略目标具有重要意义。

  当前,应对全球性重大挑战和转变科学研究范式是当代科学的时代特征之一。为此,各国政府不断调整和完善科技创新战略与政策,强化战略科技力量部署,支持科技前沿态势研判,加强重点领域研发投入,并积极培育战略新兴产业,从而保证国际竞争实力。

  擘画战略、锚定方向是抢抓科技革命先机的必然之策。当前,新一轮科技革命蓬勃兴起,科学发展呈现相互渗透和重新会聚的趋势,在科学逐渐分化与系统持续整合的反复过程中,新的学科增长点不断产生,并且衍生出一系列新兴交叉学科和前沿领域。随着知识生产的不断积累和新兴交叉学科的相继涌现,学科体系和布局也在动态调整,构建符合知识体系逻辑结构并促进知识与应用融通的协调可持续发展的学科体系尤为重要。

  擘画战略、锚定方向是我国科技事业不断取得历史性成就的成功经验。科技创新一直是党和国家治国理政的核心内容。特别是党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央明确了我国建成世界科技强国的“三步走”路线图,实施了《国家创新驱动发展战略纲要》,持续加强原始创新,并将着力点放在解决关键核心技术背后的科学问题上。习近平总书记深刻指出:“基础研究是整个科学体系的源头。要瞄准世界科技前沿,抓住大趋势,下好‘先手棋’,打好基础、储备长远,甘于坐冷板凳,勇于做栽树人、挖井人,实现前瞻性基础研究、引领性原创成果重大突破,夯实世界科技强国建设的根基。”

  作为国家在科学技术方面最高咨询机构的中国科学院和国家支持基础研究主渠道的国家自然科学基金委员会(简称自然科学基金委),在夯实学科基础、加强学科建设、引领科学研究发展方面担负着重要的责任。早在新中国成立初期,中国科学院学部即组织全国有关专家研究编制了《1956—1967 年科学技术发展远景规划》。该规划的实施,实现了“两弹一星”研制等一系列重大突破,为新中国逐步形成科学技术研究体系奠定了基础。自然科学基金委自成立以来,通过学科发展战略研究,服务于科学基金的资助与管理,不断夯实国家知识基础,增进基础研究面向国家需求的能力。2009 年,自然科学基金委和中国科学院联合启动了“2011—2020 年中国学科发展战略研究”。2012 年,双方形成联合开展学科发展战略研究的常态化机制,持续研判科技发展态势,为我国科技创新领域的方向选择提供科学思想、路径选择和跨越的蓝图。

  联合开展“中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究(2021—2035)”,是中国科学院和自然科学基金委落实新时代“两步走”战略的具体实践。我们面向 2035 年国家发展目标,结合科技发展新特征,进行了系统设计,从三个方面组织研究工作:一是总论研究,对面向2035 年的中国学科及前沿领域发展进行了概括和论述,内容包括学科的历史演进及其发展的驱动力、前沿领域的发展特征及其与社会的关联、学科与前沿领域的区别和联系、世界科学发展的整体态势,并汇总了各个学科及前沿领域的发展趋势、关键科学问题和重点方向;二是自然科学基础学科研究,主要针对科学基金资助体系中的重点学科开展战略研究,内容包括学科的科学意义与战略价值、发展规律与研究特点、发展现状与发展态势、发展思路与发展方向、资助机制与政策建议等;三是前沿领域研究,针对尚未形成学科规模、不具备明确学科属性的前沿交叉、新兴和关键核心技术领域开展战略研究,内容包括相关领域的战略价值、关键科学问题与核心技术问题、我国在相关领域的研究基础与条件、我国在相关领域的发展思路与政策建议等。

  三年多来,400 多位院士、3000 多位专家,围绕总论、数学等18 个学科和量子物质与应用等 19 个前沿领域问题,坚持突出前瞻布局、补齐发展短板、坚定创新自信、统筹分工协作的原则,开展了深入全面的战略研究工作,取得了一批重要成果,也形成了共识性结论。一是国家战略需求和技术要素成为当前学科及前沿领域发展的主要驱动力之一。有组织的科学研究及源于技术的广泛带动效应,实质化地推动了学科前沿的演进,夯实了科技发展的基础,促进了人才的培养,并衍生出更多新的学科生长点。二是学科及前沿领域的发展促进深层次交叉融通。学科及前沿领域的发展越来越呈现出多学科相互渗透的发展态势。某一类学科领域采用的研究策略和技术体系所产生的基础理论与方法论成果,可以作为共同的知识基础适用于不同学科领域的多个研究方向。三是科研范式正在经历深刻变革。解决系统性复杂问题成为当前科学发展的主要目标,导致相应的研究内容、方法和范畴等的改变,形成科学研究的多层次、多尺度、动态化的基本特征。数据驱动的科研模式有力地推动了新时代科研范式的变革。四是科学与社会的互动更加密切。发展学科及前沿领域愈加重要,与此同时,“互联网 +”正在改变科学交流生态,并且重塑了科学的边界,开放获取、开放科学、公众科学等都使得越来越多的非专业人士有机会参与到科学活动中来。

  “中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究(2021—2035)”系列成果以“中国学科及前沿领域 2035 发展战略丛书”的形式出版,纳入“国家科学思想库 - 学术引领系列”陆续出版。希望本丛书的出版,能够为科技界、产业界的专家学者和技术人员提供研究指引,为科研管理部门提供决策参考,为科学基金深化改革、“十四五”发展规划实施、国家科学政策制定提供有力支撑。

  在本丛书即将付梓之际,我们衷心感谢为学科及前沿领域发展战略研究付出心血的院士专家,感谢在咨询、审读和管理支撑服务方面付出辛劳的同志,感谢参与项目组织和管理工作的中国科学院学部的丁仲礼、秦大河、王恩哥、朱道本、陈宜瑜、傅伯杰、李树深、李婷、苏荣辉、石兵、李鹏飞、钱莹洁、薛淮、冯霞,自然科学基金委的王长锐、韩智勇、邹立尧、冯雪莲、黎明、张兆田、杨列勋、高阵雨。学科及前沿领域发展战略研究是一项长期、系统的工作,对学科及前沿领域发展趋势的研判,对关键科学问题的凝练,对发展思路及方向的把握,对战略布局的谋划等,都需要一个不断深化、积累、完善的过程。我们由衷地希望更多院士专家参与到未来的学科及前沿领域发展战略研究中来,汇聚专家智慧,不断提升凝练科学问题的能力,为推动科研范式变革,促进基础研究高质量发展,把科技的命脉牢牢掌握在自己手中,服务支撑我国高水平科技自立自强和建设世界科技强国夯实根基做出更大贡献。

“中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究(2021—2035)”

联合领导小组            

2023 年 3 月            

前言

  2021年3月11日,第十三届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过了《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》(以下简称《纲要》),《纲要》指出:“当前和今后一个时期,我国发展仍然处于重要战略机遇期,但机遇和挑战都有新的发展变化。当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局,新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展,国际力量对比深刻调整,和平与发展仍然是时代主题,人类命运共同体理念深入人心。同时,国际环境日趋复杂,不稳定性不确定性明显增加,新冠肺炎疫情影响广泛深远,世界经济陷入低迷期,经济全球化遭遇逆流,全球能源供需版图深刻变革,国际经济政治格局复杂多变,世界进入动荡变革期,单边主义、保护主义、霸权主义对世界和平与发展构成威胁。”(新华社,2021a)

  《纲要》还指出,我国已转向高质量发展阶段,但我国发展不平衡不充分问题仍然突出,重点领域关键环节改革任务仍然艰巨,创新能力不适应高质量发展要求,农业基础还不稳固,城乡区域发展和收入分配差距较大,生态环保任重道远,民生保障存在短板,社会治理还有弱项。展望2035年,我国将基本实现社会主义现代化。经济实力、科技实力、综合国力将大幅跃升,经济总量和城乡居民人均收入将再迈上新的大台阶,关键核心技术实现重大突破,进入创新型国家前列。基本实现新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化,建成现代化经济体系。广泛形成绿色生产生活方式,碳排放达峰后稳中有降,生态环境根本好转,美丽中国建设目标基本实现。城乡区域发展差距和居民生活水平差距显著缩小。

  《纲要》提出了很多与工程学科密切相关的目标和任务,迫切需要相关学科给予强有力的支撑和保障,具体包括:建设现代化基础设施体系;加快数字社会建设步伐,建设智慧城市和数字乡村;坚持农业农村优先发展,全面推进乡村振兴;完善新型城镇化战略,提升城镇化发展质量;积极拓展海洋经济发展空间;持续改善环境质量;加快发展方式绿色转型;推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展;全面提高公共安全保障能力等。

  2021年10月24日,中共中央、国务院发布了《关于完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见》(以下简称《意见》)(新华社,2021b)。《意见》要求把碳达峰、碳中和(“双碳”)纳入经济社会发展全局,以经济社会发展全面绿色转型为引领,以能源绿色低碳发展为关键,加快形成节约资源和保护环境的产业结构、生产方式、生活方式、空间格局,坚定不移地走生态优先、绿色低碳的高质量发展道路,确保如期实现碳达峰、碳中和。“双碳”目标及《意见》中的上述内容,对建筑与土木工程、环境与交通工程、水利与海洋工程学科的发展方向提出了全新要求,对相关学科的未来研究具有重要影响。

  改革开放四十余年来,我国经济取得了令世人瞩目的巨大成就,工程科学技术因能够直接转化为生产力而对国民经济的发展做出了突出的贡献。但当前我国在关键技术、核心装备和专业软件等方面还处于相对落后的地位,生产活动的资源能源消耗大、环境污染严重。上述问题成为制约我国从经济大国迈向经济强国的关键瓶颈,迫切需要工程学科实现跨越式发展,进而为我国经济和社会高速、高质量、高效、可持续发展提供坚实的科技支撑。

  国家自然科学基金委员会与中国科学院联合开展学科发展战略研究已有十多年时间。2009年,双方联合启动了“2011~2020年中国学科发展战略研究”,其研究成果及出版的研究报告产生了重要影响。2012~2018年,双方共批准立项77个,覆盖了自然科学的多个学科领域。2018年,双方再次联合组织“中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究(2021~2035)”,批准了39个项目,在之前合作的基础上进一步开展面向2035年的学科及前沿领域发展战略研究工作。

  “中国工程科学2035发展战略”属于“中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究(2021~2035)”中的一个项目(L1924042)。该项目于2020年1月启动,至2021年12月完成报告。研究组在项目工作联合领导小组和国家自然科学基金委员会工程与材料科学部的领导下,按照《中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究(2021~2035)工作总体方案》的部署要求开展战略研究工作。由于工程学科涵盖范围广,项目组将项目进一步按照学科划分为建筑与土木工程、环境与交通工程、水利与海洋工程3个工程学科领域,共6个学科专题。每个专题指定一位最熟悉该领域的专家负责,由他们邀请相关专家,组成专题研究小组。该项目由25所高校、7家大型国有企业和2家研究院共同完成。参研人员包括10余位中国科学院和中国工程院院士、7位富有管理经验的资深专家、20余位国家杰出青年科学基金获资助者等中青年优秀学术带头人,代表了我国工程科学领域的优势研究力量。项目实施过程中坚持面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康(“四个面向”),开展了广泛的工程学科发展战略论证和意见征询,在此基础上完成了学科发展战略研究任务。

  该项目研究的主要成果包括:①阐明了本学科领域的科学意义与战略价值;②明确了本学科领域的研究特点与发展规律、发展现状与发展趋势;③提出了本学科领域的关键科学问题、发展思路、发展目标与发展方向,包括6大类27小类未来15年的优先发展领域、6大类27小类未来15年的重大交叉研究领域、8大类20小类未来15年的国际合作研究领域和5大类12小类制约国家创新发展的重大瓶颈科技问题;④提出了20项本学科领域未来发展的有效资助机制与政策建议。

聂建国                

《中国工程科学2035发展战略》编写组组长

2023年1月              

摘要
  本书是工程学科中建筑与土木工程、环境与交通工程、水利与海洋工程三大领域战略规划的总体研究报告,包括建筑学与城乡人居环境、土木工程、环境工程、交通工程、水利工程、海洋工程等多个学科方面的内容。
  一、本学科领域的科学意义与战略价值
  工程学科以自然科学为基础,并利用自然科学知识研究人造物质与系统的运行规律。随着材料科学、信息技术、人工智能等高新技术的逐渐融入,多学科交叉融合集成已成为工程学科的重要发展方向,为工程学科的发展提供了源源不断的动力。同时,工程系统和工程学科的发展需求也给基础自然科学提出了更多全新的问题和挑战。
  我国已转向高质量发展阶段,但发展不平衡不充分问题仍然突出,重点领域关键环节改革任务依然艰巨,创新能力不适应高质量发展要求,农业基础还不稳固,城乡区域发展和收入分配差距较大,生态环保任重道远,民生保障存在短板,社会治理还有弱项,迫切需要工程学科提供解决上述问题的方案。《纲要》中提出的很多目标、任务、重大战略和重大工程建设均与建筑与土木工程、环境与交通工程、水利与海洋工程学科密切相关,迫切需要相关工程学科的基础研究给予强有力的支撑和保障。“双碳”目标及《意见》中对工程学科的发展方向提出了全新要求,对相关学科的未来研究产生了重要影响。
  二、本学科领域的研究特点和发展规律
  (一)研究特点
  1.工程学科以自然科学为基石,以科学与技术融合为特征
  随着人类社会的发展,工程系统的功能与结构越来越复杂,工程学科也越来越根植于宽广的自然科学基础,同时高新技术在工程学科中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
  2.工程学科以实现和保障系统功能为目标,以挑战极限为发展动力
  在设计、制造、实现、保障系统功能的同时,不断挑战系统功能、性能、尺度和环境的极限。
  3.工程学科以学科交叉与融合为创新源泉
  相关学科的发展和相互之间不断地交叉融合为工程学科提供了越来越多新的研究方向。例如,材料、信息、交通、环境、机械、控制和能源等学科及建筑与土木工程学科交叉融合促进了基础创新研究;多元化的学科交叉和大数据、人工智能等新技术的引入为环境工程学科基础理论的原始创新、颠覆性技术的突破和复杂环境问题综合解决方案的制定提供了动力;现代交通系统依托土木工程、系统与信息科学、行为与控制科学、管理科学等多学科呈现出“发端于土木、多学科融合”的交叉学科特质。
  (二)发展规律
  1.复杂系统推动工程学科复杂性科学问题的研究
  随着巨型复杂工程系统的发展,系统的耦合效应越来越显著,工程系统的非线性行为与机制,以及各种非线性的耦合给工程学科提出了大量的复杂性科学问题。
  2.安全性和可控性是工程学科的核心科学问题
  工程系统服役于自然环境,不可避免地面临着极端恶劣环境和自然灾害的考验;同时工程系统的复杂性、功能的多样性、性能的极端性、环境的不确定性以及科学的有限性也会给工程系统带来隐患,因而系统的安全性和可控性成为工程学科核心的科学问题。
  3.可持续性是工程学科的发展方向
  全球性的能源危机、环境恶化及资源短缺,要求人类社会反思和调整自身的行为模式,以保持经济与社会的可持续发展。工程系统不仅需要在单一的环节进行改良提升,而且需要从规划设计、生产建造、运营服务、管理维护等全生命周期进行协同优化,为社会的可持续发展提供关键支撑。
  三、本学科领域的关键科学问题、发展思路、发展目标与发展方向
  (一)科学前沿和重点研究方向
  基于我国工程科学领域现状、近年来取得的成果以及与国际先进水平的差距,结合我国重大需求及国内外相关研究前沿,确定未来15年我国工程学科的5个科学前沿和重点研究方向:①可持续发展的建筑与土木工程;②环境污染控制、生态修复与资源循环利用;③综合立体交通网;④资源与能源需求牵动的水利科学与海洋工程;⑤绿色可持续的城镇化。
  (二)发展战略目标
  在以上基础上,围绕21世纪人类共同面临的资源、能源、环境、人类与自然和谐等问题,面向国际工程科学的前沿,针对我国新型城镇化、交通强国、海洋强国等战略需求和工程学科未来15年的发展战略目标,确定工程学科的6个优先发展领域、6个重大交叉研究领域和8个国际合作研究领域。
  1.优先发展领域
  包括:①建筑学与城乡人居环境设计原理及技术体系,包括基于可持续发展的绿色建筑设计理论与方法、先进数字技术支撑的城市规划与设计、乡村人居环境改善与城市更新方法及技术、地域建筑和城市设计及文化遗产保护技术;②可持续高性能土木工程基础理论与关键技术,包括复杂环境下高性能土木工程结构的基础理论与建造技术、土木工程多灾害效应与抗灾韧性理论及技术、土木工程现代物理试验与数值模拟理论及技术、既有工程基础设施综合利用与功能提升理论及技术;③环境污染控制与生态系统修复关键理论及技术,包括水质风险与控制理论及技术、空气复合污染与控制理论及技术、固体废物资源转化与安全处置理论及技术、区域复合污染治理与生态修复理论及技术、生态环境系统工程与风险控制理论及技术;④交通学科创新基础理论与关键技术,包括轨道交通与运载工程、道路交通、车辆工程、水路交通与运载工程、航空交通与运载工程、航天运载工程、管道运输工程等;⑤水资源智慧管理及大型水利水电工程建设与安全运行的基础科学问题和关键技术,包括流域水文响应与水资源利用和智慧管理,流域生态系统健康理论与水利工程影响机制,重大水利工程对河流系统演变的影响,复杂条件下岩土工程与水利水电工程灾变及防控,综合节水、高效用水及非常规水资源开发利用技术;⑥海洋工程基础理论与前沿技术,包括海岸带资源的可持续利用与保护修复、智慧海洋与智能装备关键技术。
  2.重大交叉研究领域
  包括:①智能建筑与土木工程基础理论和关键技术,包括应用现代信息技术的智能建筑与土木工程设计、基于人机一体化的建筑构件/部件智能生产、建筑与土木工程智能建造及管理、建筑与土木工程智能防灾减灾;②环境变迁中的城市科学与技术,包括工程结构与工程系统的环境作用模型,大规模工程系统的中、长尺度灾害危险性分析方法,基于乡村振兴战略的绿色村镇建设关键技术与方法,基于全产业链的智慧城市建造理论与关键技术,城市交通系统的供需平衡机理与网络交通流调控理论;③环境安全保障理论与关键技术,包括多介质多界面多尺度污染控制原理与方法、污染物定向转化机制与微观过程监控、区域环境污染控制及生态修复;④水系统科学与水安全基础理论和深海装备关键技术,包括数据水系统科学与水安全,深海空间站与新型潜水器,深海装备的模型试验、现场测试及海上安装技术,深海海洋工程结构安全与风险分析;⑤智慧城市建设关键技术,包括城市泛在感知网络及其集成技术、虚拟城市环境实时构建与动态表达技术、城市数据空间语义关联融合与数据挖掘技术、城市空间仿真与优化技术、基于人类行为分析的城市运行优化与提升技术;⑥交通学科重大交叉研究方向,包括常导高速磁浮交通系统工程理论体系、车路一体自主交通系统、泛交通高效氢能发动机、船舶智能航行与智能航运系统、先进航空器系统的基础理论与关键技术、大型复杂油气管网系统智能化运行与保供、气-电耦合系统规划运行研究。
  3.国际合作研究领域
  包括:①土木工程防灾减灾基础理论与先进技术,包括土木工程结构与城市区域抗震基础理论及先进技术、多重极端灾害条件下的工程结构防灾减灾综合能力提升;②适应“一带一路”倡议需求的高性能桥隧基础设施设计建造理论与技术,包括适应不同复杂恶劣环境的高性能桥隧结构体系、复杂恶劣环境下的桥隧结构全生命周期服役可靠性研究;③极端环境条件下的岩土力学与工程技术,包括极端气候与极端灾害环境下的岩土工程问题,深空、深海、深地(“三深”)岩土力学与工程问题,生态岩土工程问题;④复合污染控制与环境生态修复理论及技术,包括超短流程水质净化理论与组合工艺、大气复合污染与气候变化协同应对关键基础科学问题、有机-重金属复合污染场地协同治理理论与关键技术、气候变化背景下的流域/区域环境演变规律及生态修复;⑤“一带一路”水资源安全与智慧管理理论和技术,包括变化环境下的水循环时空演变机理及模拟、极端洪涝与干旱灾害预测预报及风险评估、国际河流合作开发与综合管理、水系统协同演化、水资源系统智慧管理与调控等;⑥极地工程基础理论与关键技术,包括极地航行条件下的海冰力学行为、极区复杂环境载荷与结构物耦合动力学特性、新型破冰方法力学原理、极区海域冰山碰撞及冰区溢油灾害特征与围控原理、极地装备抗冰除冰理论与方法;⑦绿色智慧城市规划设计理论与技术,包括面向智慧城市的高密度建成空间规划设计方法、既有建筑绿色改造更新、健康建筑设计理论和方法、新型节能围护结构材料及环境控制末端;⑧具有全球竞争力的重载装备技术体系、轨道交通枢纽多模式客货转运技术与装备,以及轨距自适应跨国联运重载货运设备关键技术、智能船舶、极地航行船舶、船舶新型推进器、巨型船闸及升船机建设与安全运行保障、油气管道智能化理论与先进技术、新型特种管道研发理论与先进技术。
  (三)重大瓶颈科技问题
  包括:①城市规划与建筑设计原创理论方法和技术工具,包括彰显中国历史文化和山水人居环境的城市空间特色规划方法、建立本土化的建筑和城市设计理论及方法体系、探索具有中国特色的人居环境科学理论;②土木工程原创理论、方法、软件与规范标准体系,包括构建引领先进科技潮流的土木结构工程规范标准体系;③水资源科技原创关键理论、技术与设备,包括变化环境下更加复杂的水文循环和流域水资源问题,以及尚不完善的水资源高效开发利用基础认知与方法体系、我国水资源节约与开发的许多关键技术与设备高度依赖进口问题;④自主创新污水处理及回用技术,包括构建面向节能、低碳与资源回收的新型污水处理模式,开发针对不同回用途径的再生水制备技术;⑤交通工程重大瓶颈科技问题,包括铁路移动装备关键核心部件轻量化设计理论与技术、高铁健康监控系列传感器设计和批量制造平台、车-路一体化融合系统关键技术、新一代车用能源系统关键技术、内河绿色智能航运系统的基础科学问题、航天器动力学与控制自主软件设计开发、新一代跨域飞行器结构多场耦合机理及多学科一体化设计方法、地外空间出舱活动中的生命保障及工效学问题、纯氢输送管道理论与技术等。
  四、本学科领域未来发展的有效资助机制及政策建议
  针对自然科学基金资助政策和工程科学行业发展政策两个方面提出建议,以加快我国工程学科前沿和重点发展领域的突破,解决我国工程基础设施建设领域的一系列“卡脖子”技术和瓶颈问题,加速实现工程科学“可持续、高品质、绿色化、智能化”的发展目标。
  在工程科学行业发展政策方面,相关资助机制及政策建议包括:优化工程项目的决策机制;鼓励工程项目的整体承包模式,提倡注册建筑师进行工程项目的全过程管理;加强城市规划设计,注重城市规划的公开性和强制性;建立健全重大土木工程方案阶段的论证决策机制;改革现有土木工程建设标准的编撰组织模式;加强绿色城镇化的制度框架与规划战略研究;加强智慧城市建设国家层面的顶层设计,突出地方政府引导和以市场为主;加强政府、企业、个人之间的城市大数据共享机制,形成制度保障;加强智慧城市建设技术标准规范制定,增强我国在全球领域的影响力;切实强化流域/区域水生态空间保护;加强生态友好水工程建设及生态调度;大力开展陆域特别是农村面源污染控制和节水减排;加快国家水资源管理信息系统建设与信息统计规范化管理;加快水安全立法,完善水质标准;推广公私合作模式参与城市水系统的改造、建设与管理;建立基于大数据的城市水环境管理信息共享系统;加速推进基于未来泛在网络的智能传感技术研发应用;构建完全自主的综合交通系统信息模型;加强建筑与基础设施全生命周期智能化研究和管理;推进交通强国建设。

 

  Abstract
  This report is a general study of strategic planning in three major fields of engineering discipline: architecture and civil engineering, environment and trafc engineering, and water conservancy and marine engineering, including architecture and urban and rural human settlement, civil engineering, environmental engineering, traffic engineering, hydraulic engineering, and marine engineering.
  1. Scientifc signifcance and strategic value of this discipline feld
  Engineering discipline is based on natural sciences and uses the knowledge of natural sciences to study the operation law of man-made materials and systems. With the gradual integration of material science, information technology, artificial intelligence and other high and new technologies, multidisciplinary cross connection and integration has become an important development direction of engineering discipline, which also provides a constant impetus for the development of engineering discipline. At the same time, the development demand for engineering system and engineering discipline has also put forward more brand-new problems and challenges for basic natural science.
  China has turned to the stage of high-quality development, but the problems of unbalanced and insufficient development are still prominent. The task of reforming key links in key areas is still arduous. The innovation capacity does not meet the requirements of high-quality development. The gap between urban and rural regional development is large. Ecological and environmental protection has a long way to go. There are shortcomings in people’s livelihood protection. And there are still weaknesses in social governance. Thus, there is an urgent need for engineering discipline to provide solutions to the above problems. Many goals, tasks, major strategies and major projects proposed in the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan(2021—2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Outline) are closely related to the disciplines of architecture and civil engineering, environment and traffic engineering, water conservancy and marine engineering, which urgently need strong support and guarantee from the basic research of related engineering discipline. The “Double Carbon” goal and Opinions on the Complete and Accurate Implementation of the New Development Concept for Carbon Neutralization have put forward new requirements for the development direction of engineering disciplines, which will have an important impact on the future research of related disciplines.
  2. Research characteristics and development rules of this discipline field
  The research characteristics of engineering discipline includes the following aspects. (1) Engineering discipline takes natural sciences as the cornerstone and the integration of science and technology as the characteristics. With the development of human society, the functions and structures of engineering systems are becoming more and more complex, and engineering discipline is more and more rooted in a broad natural science foundation, while high and new technology plays an increasingly important role in engineering discipline. (2) Engineering discipline aims at realizing and guaranteeing system function and takes the challenge limits as the driving force of development. While designing, manufacturing, realizing and guaranteeing system function, they constantly challenge the limits of system function, performance, scale and environment. (3) Engineering discipline takes interdisciplinary intersection and integration as the source of innovation. The development of related disciplines and the continuous cross connection among them provide more and more new research directions for engineering discipline. For example, the cross-fusion of materials, information, transportation, environment, machinery, control and energy disciplines with architecture and civil engineering discipline has promoted basic innovative research; diversified disciplinary intersection and the introduction of new technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence have provided impetus for the original innovation of basic theories, the breakthroughs in disruptive technologies and the formulation of comprehensive solutions to complex environmental problems in the environmental engineering discipline; modern transportation systems rely on civil engineering, system and information science, behavior and control science, management science and other disciplines, showing the interdisciplinary nature originated in civil engineering and multidisciplinary integration.
  The development rules of engineering discipline include the following aspects. (1) Complex systems promote the research of complex scientific problems in engineering discipline. With the development of giant complex engineering system, the coupling effect of the system becomes more and more significant, and the nonlinear behavior and mechanism of engineering systems and various nonlinear coupling put forward a lot of complexity scientific problems to engineering disciplines. (2) Safety and controllability are the core scientifc problems of engineering discipline. Engineering systems serve in the natural environment and inevitably face the test of extremely harsh environment and natural disasters. Meanwhile, the complexity, diversity of functions, extremity of performance, uncertainty of environment, and limitation of science also bring hidden dangers to engineering systems, thus the designability, safety and controllability of systems become the most basic scientific problems of engineering discipline. (3) Sustainability is the development direction of engineering discipline. The global energy crisis, environmental degradation and resource shortage require human society to refect on and adjust our own behavior patterns in order to maintain the sustainable development of economy and society. Engineering systems not only need to be improved and upgraded in a single link, but also need to be optimized synergistically from the whole life cycle of planning and design, production and construction, operation and service, and management and maintenance to provide key support for the sustainable development of society.
  3. Key scientifc issues, development ideas, development goals, and important research directions in this discipline field
  Based on the current situation of China’s engineering science field, the achievements made in recent years and the gap between domestic and foreign advanced level, and taking into account the major needs of China and relevant research frontiers at home and abroad, fve scientifc frontiers and key research directions of China’s engineering discipline in the next 15 years are determined: (1) sustainable development of architecture and civil engineering; (2) environmental pollution control, ecological restoration and resource recycling; (3) comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network; (4) resource and energy demand-driven hydro science and marine engineering; (5) green and sustainable urbanization.
  On this basis, focusing on the problems of resources, energy, environment and harmony between human beings and nature faced by human beings in the 21st century, facing the frontiers of international engineering science, and addressing the strategic needs of China’s new urbanization, trafc power strategy and maritime power strategy and the development strategic goals of engineering disciplines in the next 15 years, six priority development felds, six major cross-research felds and eight international cooperative research fields of engineering discipline are determined.
  The priority development fields are as follows. (1) Architecture and urban and rural habitat design principles and technology systems. It includes the theory and methods of green building design based on sustainable development, urban planning and design supported by advanced digital technology, methods and technologies of rural human settlement environment improvement and urban renewal, and regional architecture and urban design and cultural heritage protection technology. (2) Basic theory and key technologies of sustainable high performance civil engineering, including the basic theory and key technology of high-performance civil engineering structures under complex environment, theory and methods of multi-hazard effects and resilience of civil engineering, theory and technology of modern physical testing and numerical simulation of civil engineering, and theory and technology of comprehensive utilization and functional enhancement of engineering infrastructure. (3) Key theory and technology of environmental pollution control and ecosystem restoration, including water quality risk and control theory and technology, air composite pollution and control theory and technology, solid waste resource transformation and safe disposal theory and technology, regional composite pollution management and ecological restoration theory and technology, and eco-environmental system engineering and risk control theory and technology. (4) Transportation discipline innovation basic theory and key technology, including rail trafc and transportation engineering, road trafc, vehicle engineering, water transportation and transportation engineering, air transportation and transportation engineering, aerospace transportation engineering, pipeline transportation engineering, etc. (5) Basic scientific issues and key technologies in the intelligent management of water resources and the construction and safe operation of large water conservancy and hydropower engineering, including watershed hydrological response and water resources utilization and wisdom management, watershed ecosystem health theory and water conservancy project impact mechanism, the impact of major water conservancy projects on the evolution of river systems, geotechnical engineering and water conservancy and hydropower project disaster change and prevention and control under complex conditions, and comprehensive water conservation, efficient water use and unconventional water resources development and utilization technology. (6) Basic theories and frontier technologies of marine engineering, including the sustainable use and protection and restoration of zone resources, and smart ocean and intelligent equipment key technology.
  The major cross-research felds are as follows. (1) Basic theory and key technology of intelligent civil engineering, including intelligent building and civil engineering design with the application of modern information technology, intelligent production of building components based on man-machine integration, intelligent construction and operation and maintenance of building and civil engineering, and intelligent disaster prevention and mitigation of building and civil engineering. (2) Urban science in environmental change, including environmental role model of engineering structure and engineering system, medium- and long-scale disaster risk analysis method of large-scale engineering systems, key technology and method of green village and town construction based on rural revitalization strategy, theory and key technology of intelligent city construction based on the whole industry chain, and supply and demand balance mechanism and network trafc fow regulation theory of urban transportation system. (3) Theory and key technology of environmental safety and security, including multi-media, multi-interface and multi-scale pollution control principles and methods, pollutant directional transformation mechanism and micro-process monitoring, and regional environmental pollution control and ecological restoration. (4) Basic theory of water system science and water security and key technology of deep-sea equipment, including data water system science and water security, deep-sea space station and new submersible, deep-sea equipment model test, field test and offshore installation technology, and the structure safety and risk analysis of deep-sea marine engineering. (5) Key technology of smart city construction, including urban ubiquitous sensing network and its integration technology, virtual urban environment real-time construction and dynamic expression technology, urban data spatial semantic association fusion and data-mining technology, urban spatial simulation and optimization technology, and human behavior analysis-based urban operation optimization and enhancement technology. (6) Major interdisciplinary research directions of transportation discipline, including the theoretical system of conductive high-speed magnetic transportation system engineering, vehicle-road integrated autonomous transportation system, pan-transportation efcient hydrogen-fueled engine, intelligent navigation and intelligent shipping system of ships, basic theory and key technology of advanced aircraft system, intelligent operation and supply assurance of large complex oil and gas pipeline network system, and planning and operation research of gas-electric coupled system.
  The international cooperative research felds are as follows. (1) Basic theory and advanced technology of civil engineering disaster prevention and mitigation, including the basic theory and advanced technology of civil engineering structure and urban area seismic resistance, and the comprehensive ability of disaster prevention and mitigation of engineering structure under multiple extreme disaster conditions. (2) Theory and technology of high performance bridge and tunnel infrastructure design and construction to meet the needs of the Belt and Road initiative, including high performance bridge and tunnel structure systems to adapt to different complex and harsh environments, and bridge and tunnel structure reliability research under complex and harsh environment. (3) Rock and soil mechanics and engineering technology under extreme environmental conditions, including geotechnical engineering problems under extreme climate and extreme disaster environment, Rock and soil mechanics and engineering problems in “deep space”, “deep sea”, and “deep earth”, and ecological geotechnical engineering problems. (4) Composite pollution control and environmental ecological restoration, including ultra-short process water purification theory and combined process, atmospheric composite pollution and climate change synergistic response to key basic scientific issues, organic-heavy metal composite pollution site synergistic governance theory and key technologies, and watershed/regional environmental evolution and ecological restoration in the context of climate change. (5) Water security and wisdom management in the Belt and Road initiative, including spatial and temporal evolution mechanism and simulation of water cycle in changing environment, extreme food and drought prediction and risk assessment, international river cooperation development and integrated management, water system synergistic evolution, intelligent management and regulation of water resource system, and so on. (6) Basic theory and key technology of polar engineering, including mechanics behavior of the sea ice under polar navigation conditions, polar area complex environmental load and structure coupling dynamics, new ice breaking method mechanics, polar area sea iceberg collision and ice area oil spill disaster characteristics and control principle, and polar equipment anti-ice and deicing theory and method. (7) Green smart city planning and design, including high-density completed space planning and design methods for smart cities, green renovation and update of existing buildings, theory and methods of the health buildings design, and new energy-saving building materials and environmental control end. (8) Globally competitive heavy-duty equipment technology system, multi-mode passenger and cargo transfer technology and equipment for rail transit hubs, key technologies for rail gauge adaptive multinational intermodal heavy-duty freight equipment, intelligent ships, polar navigation ships, new type of propeller for ships, construction and safe operation guarantee of giant locks and ship lifts, intelligent theory and advanced technology of oil and gas pipelines, and theory and advanced technology of research and development of new type of special pipelines.
  The major bottlenecks of science and technology in engineering discipline are as follows. (1) Original theoretical methods and technical tools for urban planning and architectural design, including the planning methods of urban space characteristics that highlight Chinese history and culture and human settlement environment, establishing localized architecture and urban design theories and method systems, and exploring scientific theories of habitat with Chinese characteristics. (2) Original theories, methods, software and specifcation standard systems for civil engineering, including the construction of advanced technology trend-setting civil and structural engineering specification standard system. (3) Original key theories, technologies and equipment of water resources science and technology, including the more complex hydrological cycle and watershed water resources under the changing environment and the imperfect basic cognitive and methodological system for efficient development and utilization of water resources. And many key technologies and equipment for water resources conservation and development in China are highly dependent on imports. (4) Independent innovation of sewage treatment and reuse technology, including the construction of energy-saving, low-carbon and resource recovery of new sewage treatment model, and the development of different reuse paths for the preparation technology of recycled water. (5) Major bottlenecks in traffic engineering science and technology issues, including the theory and technology of lightweight design of key core components of railroad mobile equipment, design and batch manufacturing platform of high-speed railway health monitoring series sensors, key technology of vehicle-road integration system, key technology of new generation vehicle energy system, basic science issues of the inland river green intelligent shipping system, autonomous software design and development of spacecraft dynamics and control, multi-field coupling mechanism and multidisciplinary integrated design method of new generation cross-domain vehicle structure, life support and ergonomics in extra-terrestrial space exit activities, theory and technology of the pure hydrogen transport pipeline, and so on.
  4. Effective funding mechanism and policy suggestions for the future development of this discipline area
  Suggestions are made for the funding policy of natural science foundation and the development policy of the engineering science industry, so as to accelerate the breakthroughs in the frontier and key development felds of engineering discipline in China, solve a series of stranglehold technologies and bottlenecks in the field of engineering infrastructure construction in China, and accelerate the realization of “sustainablility, high quality, greening, intelligence” development goal of engineering discipline.
  As for the funding policy of the natural science foundation: (1) Encourage original innovation and highlight platform construction and team building. Encourage exploration by improving the application and evaluation channels for exploratory projects, and encouraging exploration by first providing small financial support and then key funding. Highlight originality by strengthening the attention and support of the leaders and focusing on the foresight, openness, inclusiveness and continuity of the project of science and technology projects. Aiming at major frontier issues and major national strategic needs, gradually form a model combining free declaration and national strategic needs to achieve breakthroughs in key issues and stranglehold technologies through common orientation. Through innovating funding methods and encouraging university-enterprise cooperation, promote cross integration of engineering disciplines. (2) Improve the project management system and innovate the evaluation mechanism of achievements and talents. This includes improving peer review and evaluation mechanism, focusing on the sustainability of projects, encouraging data sharing, setting up joint fund projects, establishing international project solicitation mechanism, exploring scientific research result transformation mechanism, improving project acceptance and evaluation methods, focusing on technical substance and result connotation, and so on, so as to finally form a project management mechanism and evaluation mechanism of “great achievements, systematic results and experts” of scientific and technological achievements and scientifc and technological talents. 
  As for the development policies of the engineering science industry, the following funding mechanism and policy suggestions can be adopted. (1) Optimize the decision-making mechanism of engineering projects; (2) Encourage the overall contracting mode of engineering projects and advocate registered architects to carry out the whole process management of engineering projects; (3) Strengthen the openness and compulsory nature of urban planning; (4) Establish and improve the mechanism of demonstration and decision-making at the stage of major civil engineering programs; (5) Reform the organization mode of compilation and organization of existing civil engineering construction standards; (6) Strengthen the institutional framework and planning strategy research of green urbanization; (7) Strengthen the top-level design of smart city construction at the national level, highlighting local government guidance and market leading; (8) Strengthen the urban big data sharing mechanism among government, enterprises and individuals; (9) Strengthen the development of technical standards and specifications for smart city construction; (10) Effectively strengthen the protection of watershed/regional water ecological space; (11) Strengthen the construction of eco-friendly water projects and ecological scheduling; (12) Vigorously carry out land-based pollution control and water conservation and emission reduction, especially in rural areas; (13) Accelerate the construction of national water resources management information systems and standardized management of information statistics; (14) Accelerate water safety legislation and improve water quality standards; (15) Promote public-private partnership model to participate in the renovation, construction and management of urban water systems; (16) Establish an urban water environment management information sharing system based on big data; (17) Accelerate the development and application of intelligent sensing technologies based on future ubiquitous networks; (18) Build a fully autonomous integrated transportation model system; (19) Strengthen the intelligent research and management of the whole life cycle of buildings and infrastructure; (20) Promote a series of policy recommendations of the construction of trafc power.
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