中国学科发展战略·未来作物品种设计

我国是人口大国，粮食安全是事关国家长治久安的重大战略问题。习近平总书记指出，中国人的饭碗任何时候都要牢牢端在自己手上，我们的饭碗应该主要装中国粮，要下决心把民族种业搞上去，抓紧培育具有自主知识产权的优良品种，从源头上保障国家粮食安全。

育种技术的发展为保证粮食产量和安全做出了巨大贡献，其发展得益于遗传学、分子生物学和基因组学的发展。早期通过驯化选育农家品种，进程慢，效率低。随着遗传学的发展，20 世纪 30 年代通过遗传育种创制的杂交玉米开辟了农业革命；60 年代起，在全世界范围内以矮化育种为标志的“绿色革命”使小麦、水稻等作物产量大幅度提高；80 年代生物技术的发展促生了分子育种，使常规遗传育种有了一定的可跟踪性。但上述育种技术仍然不能满足日益增长的粮食需求，更加高效和精准的育种技术——“设计育种” 出现，即通过品种设计进行多基因的复杂性状的定向改良与聚合，从而达到粮食高产优质的目标。设计育种技术的突破将依赖于遗传学、分子生物学和基因组学等学科的发展，尤其要依赖于对高产优质等复杂性状形成的分子机制的阐明。我国农业基础研究历经几十年发展，在农业生物功能基因组学等基础研究领域取得了长足进步，相继完成了水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、油菜、棉花等重要农作物全基因组测序，在主要农业生物重要性状形成的遗传解析与分子机制研究方面取得了重要进展，水稻功能基因研究处于国际领跑地位。

中国科学院战略性先导科技专项“分子模块设计育种创新体系”实施以来，针对我国粮食安全和战略性新兴产业发展的重大需求，以水稻为主、小麦等为辅，初步建立了从“分子模块”到“设计型品种”的现代生物技术育种创新体系。在中国科学院学部学科发展战略研究项目“未来作物设计的分子生物学基础”的资助下，我们邀请从事植物基础研究和应用基础研究领域的一线科学家进行战略研究，他们中间 80% 以上的成员参与国家重大科学研究计划、中国科学院战略性先导科技专项，具有深厚的研究基础和对相关领域的前瞻性把握。

本书首次提出未来作物概念，针对未来作物品种设计的需求，围绕植物基础科学与现代农业、现代农业与环境、现代农业与人类健康研究领域，重点对种子生物学、植物形态建成、光合和营养高效利用、植物环境适应等的分子基础解析，植物代谢调控机制、多倍体形成的分子机制、复杂多倍体作物功能基因解析、基因组编辑与基因表达调控等的新技术新方法等进行了国内外进展综述，论述了上述领域未来发展趋势与关键突破口，并提出了 2035 年和 2050 年阶段性未来作物战略目标，同时对研究政策保障和环境支持建议进行了战略研究。希望本书的出版对强化农业基础科技创新、驱动我国农业发展、保障粮食安全起到战略性指导作用。

在项目立项、调研、报告撰写和本书的组织出版过程中，战略规划研究组专家投入了大量的心力。借此机会，向所有参与《未来作物品种设计》撰写的专家和同仁表示衷心的感谢！

本书内容涉及领域广泛，相关研究领域发展迅速，遗漏和不妥之处在所难免，恳请读者指正。

 

中国科学院院士

2020年9月22日于北京

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