脑科学探索认知、意识与智能的本质，是人类理解自然的“终极疆域”；类脑技术则受其启发，发展类脑算法、器件、机器人等智能科学与技术。这一交叉领域依赖生物学、医学、信息科学等多学科融合，推动神经生物学、心理学等学科革新，并深化法律、经济学等社会科学。脑科学驱动生物成像、数据科学等前沿分支发展，类脑技术则推动人工智能算法优化，赋能自动驾驶、智能医疗等应用。脑科学与类脑技术有望在国民健康、智能产业、社会发展和国家安全等方面产生重大研究成果，具有深远的社会、经济和军事战略意义。 

脑科学与类脑技术面临的关键科学问题包括：1）脑细胞有多少种类型？如何分类？哪些特征起决定性作用？2）多模态、多尺度、跨物种标准脑图谱的绘制及脑起源与进化；3）学习、记忆、认知等功能特异的全脑神经联接图谱的测绘及相互关系研究；4）神经元及网络的发育演化和调控机制；5）中枢-外周信息交流和整合的调控；6）精神疾病的起源；7）如何基于脑科学和计算科学的思维，发展融合二者的类脑计算思维？8）生物神经网络能为深度学习带来什么启发？如何开发有生物可行性（biologically plausible）的深度网络学习算法？9）构建脑机融合智能；10）数字孪生脑；11）如何协同破解人工智能大模型与人脑工作机理的“黑盒”问题？12）脑科技与类脑人工智能的伦理与安全。 

亟待解决的核心技术问题包括：1）非人灵长类动物模型研发；2）全脑神经元活动及神经化学分子动态的非侵入性观测，神经突触活动的在体观测；3）全脑范围内对行使特定功能的神经网络的测绘与解析；4）高精度神经认知编解码及调控技术；5）大规模脉冲神经网络(SNN)计算平台构建及模型优化技术；6）多模态小动物脑功能成像与调控一体化技术；7）脑疾病的神经环路机制解析关键技术；8）神经调控关键技术；9）用于启发类脑计算智能的大规模神经网络解析技术问题；10）灵长类动物认知行为范式的人工智能模型。

在脑科学与类脑技术领域，我国有积极参与国际脑科学前沿领域的团队，建立了一系列国际先进水平的技术平台，在脑科学理论、技术和应用研究方面，做出了一批国际领先的成果。本项目梳理并摸清了我国在脑科学和类脑计算领域的优势方向、领军团队和重要科研基地，调研全国在相关研究领域的发展现状，为下一步资源布局提供依据。 

通过研判，以十四五规划和2035年远景目标为纲，基于我国战略需求和优势领域，提出我国在脑科学与类脑技术研究领域的发展思路，即：1）优先发展脑科学与类脑技术研究的工具和方法；2）围绕我国自主创新研发的方法，从国家层面设立专项支持，率先推广应用；3）做好顶层设计，坚持有所为有所不为；4）持续稳定的研究经费投入和平台建设；5）培养下一代科学家及科研工作者；6）主办国际学术会议、高水平国际期刊；7）参与国际学术组织/联盟的治理，发起和主导国际大科学计划。 

报告的最后，提出政策建议，一是加强人才培养，建立科研后备军，二是加强顶层设计，布局合理的研究体系，三是加强优势技术支持，抢占科技话语权。

Brain science explores the nature of cognition, consciousness and intelligence, and is the "ultimate frontier" for human beings to understand nature; inspired by it, braininspired technology develops machine intelligence such as brain-inspired devices and robots. This interdisciplinary field relies on the integration of biology, medicine, information science and other disciplines to promote the innovation of neurobiology, psychology and other disciplines, and deepen the social sciences such as law and economics. Brain science drives the development of frontier branches such as bioimaging and data science, while brain-inspired technology promotes the optimization of artificial intelligence algorithms, enabling applications such as automatic driving and intelligent medical treatment. Brain science and brain-inspired technology are expected to produce significant research results in national health, intelligent industry, social development and national security, which have far-reaching social, economic and military strategic significance.

The key scientific questions facing brain science and brain-inspired technology include: 1) How many types of neurons and glia are involved in a brain? How to classify? Which characteristics play a decisive role? 2) Multi-modal, multi-scale, and cross-species standard brain mapping unveiling brain origin and evolution; 3) Mapping of whole-brain connectome with specific functions such as learning, memory and cognition and the study of their interrelationships; 4) Development, evolution, and regulation mechanisms of neurons and neuronal networks; 5) Regulation of central-peripheral information exchange and integration; 6) The origins of mental illness; 7) How to develop brain-inspired computational thinking based on the thinking of brain science and computational science? 8) What inspiration can biological neural networks bring to deep learning? How to develop biologically plausible deep network learning algorithms? 9) Building braincomputer fusion intelligence; 10) Digital twin brain; 11) How to explain the black box problem between artificial intelligence models and human brain working mechanisms? 12) Ethical and Safety Considerations in Neurotechnology and Brain-Inspired Artificial Intelligence. 

The core technical problems to be solved include: 1) development of non-human primate models; 2) non-invasive observation of whole-brain neuronal activity and neurochemical molecular dynamics, and in vivo observation of synaptic activity; 3) mapping and analysis of neural networks performing specific functions in the whole brain; 4) high-precision encoding, decoding, and regulation technology in cognitive processes; 5) construction of large-scale spiking neural network (SNN) computing platform with model optimization techniques; 6) integrated technology of multimodal brain functional imaging and regulation for small animals; 7) key technologies to analyze neural circuit mechanisms of brain diseases; 8) key technologies for neuromodulation; 9) technical problems of large-scale neural networks analysis for brain-inspired computational intelligence; and 10) artificial intelligence models based on cognitive behavioral paradigms of primates.

In the field of brain science and brain-inspired technology, China has actively participated in the international frontier of brain science, established a series of international facilities with advanced technologies, and made a number of international leading achievements in brain science theory, technology and application research. This project studies the advantages, leading teams and important research bases in the field of brain science and brain-inspired computing in China, investigates the development status of related research fields in China, and provides a basis for the strategic planning.

Based on the studies, the development strategy include: 1) Give high priority to the development of tools and methods for brain science and brain-inspired technology research; 2) Establish special funds from the national level to support independent innovation technologies, and promote the applications in China and the world; 3) Strengthen top-level design and insist on supporting bases and teams with distinctive strengths and research priorities; 4) Provide long-term and sustained funding to support research and infrastructure; 5) Cultivate the next generation of scientists and researchers; 6) Host and organize international academic conferences. Manage high-level international journals; 7) Participate in the management of international academic organizations and consortiums. Propose and initiate international big science projects. 

In the end of this report, the policy suggestions are raised, including: 1) Strengthen talent cultivation and train more scientists and engineers to devote themselves to brain science and brain-inspired technology fields; 2) Strengthen top-level design and layout rational research system; 3) Strengthen support to China’s leading technology with independent innovation.