近年来，氢能应用在燃料电池汽车技术和产业、关键材料和零部件、氢能基础设施建设等方面取得了重大进展。然而，在氢能的大规模应用方面，包括大规模储存、长距离运输和应用安全管理，仍然存在重大瓶颈和困难，阻碍了全球氢能产业的发展。

本报告提出将氨与氢作为新能源或能源载体进行创新结合的交叉科学技术前沿——即“氢氨融合新能源”——及其相关重点研究方向。氢氨融合新能源是指以氨和氢作为直接能源或能源载体的新型能源系统。氢和氨（NH3）均为零碳燃料。它们均可通过可再生能源获取，并能相互转化：绿氢可合成绿氨，绿氨裂解可高效制氢；二者可在不同应用场景单独使用，也可混合协同使用。

氨是一种高效的储氢介质，其质量储氢密度高达17.6%，并且易于液化（常压下-33摄氏度或室温下1兆帕可液化）。液氨大规模储存和长距离运输的基础设施已经相当完善，更重要的是，NH3和H2都是零碳燃料。氢氨融合新能源战略的成功实施，将为氢能的大规模应用和真正产业化提供完整的解决方案。

氢氨融合新能源已成为全球清洁能源领域具有前瞻性和战略性的发展方向。2019年，氨能源协会（AEA）提出了“氨=氢2.0”（Ammonia = Hydrogen 2.0）的新理念，旨在通过氨推动氢经济，具体指“利用绿氨构建能源出口产业”。世界各国，包括日本、韩国、荷兰、挪威、澳大利亚等，都在制定发展氢氨融合新能源的计划。中国也提出了将氢和氨纳入储能载体的规划。

氢氨融合新能源科学技术是能源科技、材料科学与工程、化学化工、动力工程及工程热物理、交通运输工程等多学科交叉融合的重大前沿领域。发展高温工业窑炉氨氢零碳燃烧技术、氨氢零碳运载装备技术、航空发动机及燃气轮机氨氢零碳燃烧技术、氨氢高温燃烧氮氧化物排放控制技术等颠覆性技术，能够开辟氢能新的重大应用场景，并为高温制造业、交通运输、发电等行业实现碳达峰碳中和目标提供创新性和颠覆性技术。

本报告探讨了五个重点研发方向，包括：低成本、大规模绿色合成氨技术；面向高温制造业的氨氢零碳燃烧技术；交通运输装备氨氢零碳技术；航空发动机及燃气轮机氨氢零碳燃烧技术和氨氢融合新能源安全技术与标准战略研究，同时也讨论了这些领域的关键科技挑战。

本报告还提出了发展氢氨融合新能源的政策建议，旨在加强交叉科学技术前沿问题的研究，为解决氢能储运技术面临的重大难题以及拓展氢能应用场景的挑战提供战略指引。

In recent years, a significant progress in hydrogen energy applications has been made in fuel cell vehicle technologies and industries, key materials and components, and hydrogen infrastructure construction. However, in terms of large-scale hydrogen energy applications, including large-scale storage, long distance transportation, and safety in hydrogen distribution network, significant bottlenecks and difficulties still exist, hindering the development of the hydrogen energy industry globally.

In this strategic study, we put forward an interdisciplinary science and technology frontier of innovative combination of ammonia and hydrogen as new energy or energy carriers, i.e. ammonia-hydrogen new energy, and its associated key research directions. Ammonia-hydrogen new energy refers to a new energy system with ammonia and hydrogen as direct energy or energy carriers. Both hydrogen and ammonia (NH3) are carbon-free fuels. They can be obtained through renewable energy, and they can be converted into each other; Ammonia can be synthesized through green hydrogen, and hydrogen can be efficiently prepared by green ammonia cracking, and the two can be used separately in different application scenarios, or they can be mixed and utilized synergistically.

Ammonia is an efficient hydrogen storage medium, with a hydrogen mass fraction of 17.6% and can be liquefied easily at -33 Celsius degree at atmospheric pressure or 1 MPa at room temperature. The large-scale storage and long distance transportation infrastructure of liquid ammonia are well developed. More importantly, both NH3 and H2 are zero-carbon fuels. The successful implementation of the ammonia-hydrogen new energy strategy will provide a complete solution to the large-scale application and true industrialization of hydrogen energy.

Ammonia-hydrogen new energy has become a forward-looking and strategic development direction in the field of clean energy worldwide. In 2019, Ammonia Energy Association (AEA) put forward the new concept of “Ammonia = Hydrogen 2.0,” aiming at promoting hydrogen economy via ammonia, specifically “Building an energy export industry using Green Ammonia.” Countries around the world are making plans to develop ammonia-hydrogen new energy, including Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Australia, etc. China also puts forward a plan to include hydrogen and ammonia as energy storage vectors. 

Ammonia-hydrogen new energy science and technology is a major frontier in multidisciplinary interdisciplinary fields, including energy science and technology, material science and engineering, chemistry and chemical engineering, power engineering and engineering thermophysics, transportation engineering, etc. Developing high-temperature industrial kiln ammonia-hydrogen zero-carbon combustion technology, ammonia-hydrogen zero-carbon transportation equipment technology, ammonia-hydrogen zero-carbon combustion technologies for aircraft engines and gas turbines, ammonia-hydrogen high-temperature combustion nitrogen oxide emission control technology and other disruptive technologies can open up new major application scenarios of hydrogen energy, and provide innovative and disruptive technologies for high-temperature manufacturing, transportation, power generation and other industries to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets.

In this study, five key research and development areas are discussed, including low-cost, large-scale green ammonia production technologies; ammonia-hydrogen zero-carbon combustion technologies for high-temperature manufacturing industry; ammonia-hydrogen zero-carbon technologies for vehicles applications; ammonia-hydrogen zero-carbon combustion technologies for aircraft engines and gas turbines; ammonia-hydrogen safety technologies and standards. Critical science and technology challenges in these areas are also discussed. 

This study also puts forward policy proposals to strengthen the researches of interdisciplinary frontiers of scientific and technological issues, so as to provide strategic guidelines to solve the major difficulties facing hydrogen energy storage and transportation technologies and to address challenges in expanding and implementing application scenarios of hydrogen energy.