进入新世纪以来，新发突发传染病持续构成人类安全的严重威胁，且今后的暴发流行可能性严重存在，WHO已经对“X疾病”暴发的可能性发出公开警告。构建高效灵敏的监测预警体系，既是有效应对这一挑战的必然要求，也是推动相关学科交叉发展、促进经济社会建设、维护国家生物安全的有力举措，具有十分重要的战略意义。当前，我国的监测预警系统存在新发传染病威胁发现不够早、预警不够准以及信息整合性不够高等问题；面对异常信号探测的时效性、预警决策的科学性和评估的合理性等科学问题，需解决人工智能、大数据分析和高通量病原体检测高效集成于监测预警系统的颠覆性技术突破；建议我国应通过自主可控、开放合作和智慧化建设的发展之路，充分发挥制度优势，通过军民融合、医防结合和学科资源整合，构建覆盖全域、反应灵敏的监测预警网络。

Since the turn of the new century, emerging infectious diseases （EIDs）have continuously posed severe threats to global human security, with a high likelihood of future pandemics. The World Health Organization (WHO) has explicitly warned of the potential outbreak of "Disease X"—a hypothetical pathogen with pandemic potential. Establishing an efficient and sensitive EID surveillance and early warning system is not only essential for effectively addressing such challenges but also a critical measure to advance cross-disciplinary research in related fields, support socioeconomic development, and safeguard national biosecurity. This endeavor carries profound strategic significance.

Currently, China’s EID surveillance and early warning system faces challenges such as delayed detection of EID threats, inaccurate early warnings, and fragmented information integration. To tackle scientific issues like the timeliness of abnormal signal detection, the scientific validity of early warning decisions, and the rationality of risk assessments, disruptive technological breakthroughs are required in integrating artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, and high-throughput pathogen detection into the surveillance framework.

It is proposed that China should adopt a development pathway characterized by independent control, open cooperation, and intelligent innovation. By fully leveraging its institutional advantages and promoting synergies across military-civil integration, medical-preventive coordination, and interdisciplinary resource integration, China can build a nationwide surveillance and early warning network that ensures full territorial coverage and rapid responsive capabilities.