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地球科学学科前言丛书·深部地下生物圈

地球科学学科前言丛书·深部地下生物圈

深部地下生物圈（简称深地生物圈）是指陆地及海底表面以下，不以阳光为能量来源的生物圈，主要由微生物组成，俗称黑暗世界生物圈。深地生物圈代表着地球早期极端环境下的生命，对于生命起源及火星等外星体的生命探索有重大意义。它们生物量巨大，种类繁多，代谢途径多样，对油气及矿产资源 的形成、元素地球化学循环与气候变化起着重要的调控作用；同时它们也是潜在的微生物资源，有望在医学、环保和能源资源等领域发挥重要作用。因此对深地生物圈的研究将大大提高我们对地球生命－环境－资源相互作用的认识，是地球系统科学不可缺少的组成部分，也是实现向地球深部进军的“深地”科技战略的重要内容之一。
本书预览点击购买
地球科学学科前沿丛书编委会
主　　编：傅伯杰
副主编（以姓氏笔画为序）：杨元喜　周成虎　周忠和郭正堂　焦念志
编　　委（以姓氏笔画为序）：王成善　王会军　朱日祥 刘丛强　吴立新　陈　骏金之钧　郑永飞　郝　芳郭华东　龚健雅　崔　鹏穆　穆
地球科学学科前沿丛书深部地下生物圈项目组
组　　长：殷鸿福
成　　员（以姓氏拼音为序）：邓子新 董海良 方家松 黄 力 焦念志 刘双江 刘 羽 鲁安怀 陆现彩 牟伯中潘永信 邵宗泽 石 良 束文圣 王成善 王风平 王红梅 谢树成 徐 恒 张传伦 张玉忠 赵国屏 郑承纲 钟 扬
秘　　书：龚剑明 蒋宏忱
工 作 组
组　　长：董海良
成　　员（以姓氏拼音为序）：方家松 黄 力 林 巍 刘翠艳 鲁安怀 陆现彩 牟伯中 潘永信 邵宗泽 石 良 束文圣 唐春安 王风平 王红梅 谢树成 徐 绯 徐 恒 殷鸿福 张传伦 张更新 张玉忠
秘　　书：蒋宏忱

　　深部地下生物圈（简称深地生物圈）是指陆地及海底表面以下，不以阳光为能量来源的生物圈，主要由微生物组成，俗称黑暗世界生物圈。深地生物圈代表着地球早期极端环境下的生命，对于生命起源及火星等外星体的生命探索有重大意义。它们生物量巨大，种类繁多，代谢途径多样，对油气及矿产资源的形成、元素地球化学循环与气候变化起着重要的调控作用；同时它们也是潜在的微生物资源，有望在医学、环保和能源资源等领域发挥重要作用。因此对深地生物圈的研究将大大提高我们对地球生命－环境－资源相互作用的认识， 是地球系统科学不可缺少的组成部分，也是实现向地球深部进军的“深地”科技战略的重要内容之一。

　　但是，目前人们对深地生物圈知之甚少，对其生物量的时空分布、多样性（多数是不可培养的）及功能的了解还十分有限，对深地生命的生存方式、繁殖和进化，以及能量代谢和物质循环等根本问题还知之甚微。为了分析当前深地生物圈的发展特征、动向和趋势，提炼深地生物圈的重大科学问题及符合我国发展需求的战略研究方向，经中国科学院地学部批准，“深部地下生物圈发展战略研究”项目于 2016 年 12 月正式立项。殷鸿福院士担任该项目的负责人。为了推进战略研究工作的进行，成立了项目组和工作组（编写组），后者由董海良教授任组长；各组的成员见本书编委会。
　　两年来，本书项目组在北京、武汉和上海等地组织了5 次项目组会议、3 次国际学术研讨会（The 4th International Conference of Geobiology，2017.6.15～2017.6.18，武汉； International Workshop of Geomicrobiome：Subsurface Microbial Composition and Function and Microbial Interactions with Subsurface Environment, 2017.10.13～2017.10.15，武汉；“地下深部生物圈”国际学术研讨会，2018.3.17～2018.3.18，北京）及 1 次以项目组成员为核心的国内学术讨论会（第七届地质微生物学学术研讨会，2018.6.9～ 2018.6.10，上海）。汪品先、殷鸿福、赵国屏、邓子新、谢和平、周忠和、沈树忠和潘永信等院士先后参加了这些会议的讨论，他们为推进我国深地生物圈研究特别是本书一些关键内容的撰写提出了许多建设性意见，在很大程度上提高了本书的前瞻性。在此期间，由项目组专家（董海良、谢树成和王风平）推动并以项目组成员为主体，先后成立了中国微生物学会地质微生物分会（2018 年6 月）、中国古生物学会地球生物学分会（2018 年 9 月）和中国深部地下生物圈观测研究委员会（2018 年 10 月）。国内深地生物圈研究蓬勃发展。2018 年6 月召开的中国科学院第十九次院士大会地学部工作报告对本项目进展作了肯定。
　　本书是在项目执行过程中，在各种讨论会的基础上，组织地球生物学相关领域的专家编写而成。地球科学和生命科学两个领域的专家都参与了编写。全书共九章，第一章由石良和董海良编写；第二章由董海良编写；第三章由邵宗泽、方家松、潘永信、束文圣、王风平、徐恒、徐绯、林巍、卢春华、董海良、严成增、吴世军、纪润佳、唐旭、任伟、张弛、田军、翦知湣、拓守廷、张维佳和周扬凯编写；第四章由方家松、黄力、刘翠艳、张传伦、刘芳华和连宾编写；第五章由王红梅、牟伯中、张更新、刘翠艳和何环编写；第六章由王风平、邵宗泽、张玉忠、方家松、牛明杨、陈云如和杨娜编写；第七章由陆现彩、石良、谢树成、鲁安怀、赵良和李子波编写；第八章由黄力、牟伯中、石良、邵宗泽、赵良、李子波和董海良编写；第九章由殷鸿福和董海良编写。全书由董海良、殷鸿福和蒋宏忱整体修改和统稿。
　　深地生物圈涉及地学（地质、地球化学、地球物理和资源环境）、生物学（特别是微生物学）及技术和信息科学，是一门多学科交叉的研究。本书不仅从研究现状与展望、基本概念和特征、能源与循环、开发与利用及平台与技术等多角度、全方位介绍深地生物圈研究，而且力图从中提炼出中国深地生物圈研究的中期和近期目标及主要科学和技术问题，从而明确今后突破的方向。项目组基本上囊括了国内深地生物圈研究的知名专家，其两年来的活动推动了国内深地生物圈研究的学术交流。本项目结束后，由中国科学院地学部与国家自然科学基金委员会联合支持的“极端地质环境微生物”项目将接续启动。新项目将极端环境微生物研究加深，并扩展至地史和地表极端地质环境微生物及外星体生命。期待地质微生物的研究在国家自然科学基金委员会与中国科学院地学部及生命科学和医学部的联合支持下，有一个迅猛发展的未来，为我国科技和社会发展做出更大的贡献。
　　本项目的立项与各项活动得到中国科学院地学部常务委员会、战略研究项目组及学部工作局的支持和指导；项目执行过程得到许多院士、专家及同行的大力支持和帮助；从 2016 年年底立项开始，项目组成员兢兢业业，克服时间仓促、任务繁重和经费到位不及时等多重困难，有声有色地组织了多项活动，按时完成了本报告。在此谨向他们的大力支持和辛勤劳动致以衷心的敬意。深地生物圈是一个基本上未经开发的科学宝藏；希望本书的出版能引起高校师生、研究人员和社会公众的兴趣，并共同推动这一学科发展，使之发扬光大。本书涉及一个全新领域，难免挂一漏万，不当之处，敬请批评指正。

 

　　殷鸿福
　　2018 年 12 月 25 日
丛书序
前 言
摘要 
Abstract 
第一章 深地生物圈基本概念和特征
第一节 定义
第二节 地质环境及物理化学因素对深地生物圈的影响
第三节 能量及转换
第四节 物种多样性及功能多样性
本章参考文献
第二章 深地生物圈研究现状及研究的必要性和紧迫性
第一节 深地微生物研究的国内外现状
第二节 我国提出深地生物圈研究的意义、必要性和紧迫性
本章参考文献
第三章 深地生物圈研究的平台建设与装备
第一节 深地钻井与掘进技术
第二节 深地微生物样品的保真采样
第三节 深地微生物原位观测和实验系统
第四节 深地微生物的实验室模拟培养
第五节 单细胞微区分析及其他分析技术
第六节 组学和生物信息技术平台的建设
第七节 生物地球物理学实验观测系统
本章参考文献
第四章 深地生物圈的微生物生物量、活性及微生物的相互作用
第一节 细菌和古菌
第二节 内生孢子
第三节 病毒
第四节 真菌
第五节 微生物的相互作用
第六节 展望
本章参考文献 127
第五章 陆地典型深地生物圈
第一节 油藏微生物
第二节 煤层微生物
第三节 大陆深地基岩与流体中的微生物
第四节 陆地洞穴微生物
本章参考文献
第六章 海洋深地生物圈的典型生态环境
第一节 海洋沉积物生态系统
第二节 洋壳微生物
第三节 热液生态系统
第四节 冷泉生态系统
第五节 海洋深地生物圈研究展望
本章参考文献
第七章 深地生物圈的能量来源与物质循环
第一节 深地微生物介导的元素生物地球化学过程与循环
第二节 深地微生物 - 矿物相互作用
第三节 深地微生物的成矿成藏作用
本章参考文献
第八章 深地微生物资源的开发与应用
第一节 深地微生物在生物技术中的应用
第二节 深地微生物对页岩气开采的影响
第三节 深地微生物与油气开采
第四节 深地微生物与 CO2 的地质封存 
第五节 深地微生物与核废料的地质储存
第六节 深海极端环境微生物资源的开发应用
本章参考文献
第九章 展望与建议
第一节 创建支撑国家深地战略的深地生物圈科学技术
第二节 政策建议和资助机制
本章参考文献
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